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The Big-5 factors were developed by Costa
and McCrae . An inventory of 25 items was drawn from a larger set
developed by Lewis Goldberg .
Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R. (1992). Four Ways
Five Factors are Basic, Personality and Individual Differences,
13, pp. 653-665. Oxford, England.
Goldberg, L. Development of Five-Factor Domain Scales. Online: http://ipip.ori.org/ipip/memo.htm
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| Someone with high
neuroticism is easily affected by the surrounding atmosphere.
They get worried easily, are quick to anger, and easily discouraged.
They often feel uneasy and embarrassed. They have difficulty
resisting temptations and coping with stress. |
People with low neuroticism have
very stable moods. They often appear calm and relaxed. They
are able to cope with stress around them and thus it takes more
to discourage and embarrass them. They are composed and are
able to handle stressful situations without anxiety. |
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| Individuals who score
high on Extraversion are affectionate, friendly and intimate.
They are gregarious and prefer company. They tend to be assertive
and drift towards leadership positions. Craving excitement and
thrills, they work and play at a fast pace. They usually have
cheerful, optimistic outlooks on life in general. |
Individuals who score low on Extraversion
are reserved and formal. They prefer to be alone and seldom
seek out company. They tend to stay in the background and perform
their activities at a more leisurely pace. They have a low need
for thrills and have a less exuberant attitude in general than
extraverts do. |
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| People with high openness
are imaginative and daydream a lot. They appreciate art and
beauty and place value on emotions. they prefer variety in their
lives and enjoy trying new things out. They have a broad intellectual
curiosity and seem to be able to talk knowledgeably about many
different things. They are liberal and open to re-examining
their own values. |
People with low openness focus
on the here and now. They find speculative talk a waste of time.
They are uninterested in artistic endeavors and discount the
value of emotions. They prefer familiar, routine tasks and life
styles. They have a narrow intellectual focus and are very conservative
and dogmatic about their own views and values. |
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| Individuals high in
this scale see others as honest and well-intentioned. Thus they
are often straight forward and frank with others, and are willing
to help and trust in them. If placed in a conflict, they usually
defer under a higher authority. They are humble, sometimes self-effacing,
and are usually tender-minded and easily moved. |
Individuals low on this scale
have a cynical and skeptical outlook on life. They find it hard
to trust others and often appear guarded and reluctant to get
involved. They are aggressive and competitive, especially when
placed under conflict. They often feel superior to others, and
are hard-headed and rational. |
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| People with high conscientiousness
feel capable and effective. They are well-organized, neat and
tidy. Governed by conscience and honor, they are driven to achieve
success. They focus on completing tasks and think carefully
before acting. |
Individuals low in this scale
often feel unprepared. They are unorganized and unmethodical
in performing tasks. They are casual about obligations and have
a low need for achievement. They procrastinate frequently and
are easily distracted. They are spontaneous and hasty in tasks. |
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